LECTURES 1. Introduction to physiology. Conditions for passing the subject. Definition of physiology. Levels of organization. Homeostasis and homeorhesis. Cell growth and differentiation, apoptosis. Body fluids and their compartments. 2. Blood physiology. Composition and functions of blood. Regulation of haemopoiesis and haemostasis. Basics of the immune system. Innate and acquired immunity. The lymphatic system as part of immunity. 3. Introduction to neurophysiology Organization of the nervous system, neuron, supporting cells. General neurophysiology, action potential, synaptic transmission. Physiology of the heart Physiological properties and metabolism of heart muscle. Electrical and mechanical activity of the heart. Cardiac cycle. Regulatory mechanisms. 4. Circulatory system Vascular function, hemodynamics, arterial pulse, pressure and blood flow. Regulation of blood circulation. Lymphatic system. Respiratory system Mechanics and functions of breathing, defense mechanisms. Exchange of respiratory gases. Regulation of breathing. 5. Digestion in monogastric animals Functional morphology of the digestive system. Regulation of food intake. Food processing in individual sections of the digestive tract. Regulation of secretion of digestive juices and motility. Defecation reflex. Participation of pancreas and liver in digestion. Regulation of gallbladder contractions. 6. Metabolism. Intermediate metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, fats and vitamins. Energy metabolism. Absorption and postabsorption state, regulatory mechanisms. Urinary system Kidney functions, urine production. Regulation of volume, osmolarity and pH. Regulation of fluid intake and urination. 7. Physiology of the endocrine system Mechanism of action of hormones. Endocrine secretion and regulatory functions of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and pineal gland. Endocrine function of adrenal glands, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreas. Hormones affecting growth and growth factors. Thymus, tissue hormones. 8. Reproductive system I Gender differentiation. Functions of male and female genital organs. Estrous cycle of the bitch. Activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. Functions of sex hormones. 9. Reproductive system II Neuroendocrine regulation of male sexual reflexes, dog mating. Fertilization, implantation, pregnancy - regulatory mechanisms. Childbirth and puerperium. Lactation Mammogenesis, lactogenesis, galactopoiesis. Neurohumoral regulation of milk secretion and ejection. Composition and properties of colostrum and milk. 10. Nervous system Embryonic development of the CNS. Organization of the brain and spinal cord. CNS protection. Functions of nerves and ganglia. Reflexes. Autonomic nervous system. 11. Sensory department of the CNS Sensory cells, distribution and adaptation of receptors, signal transmission. Physiology of vision, taste, smell, touch, pressure, temperature perception. Physiology of hearing and balance. 12. Muscle physiology Types and characteristics of muscles. Skeletal muscle – neuromuscular connection, contraction, energy metabolism, fiber types. Tendons. Physiology of smooth and cardiac muscle. Regulatory mechanisms. Growth and Development Physiology of bones and joints. Growth and ontogenesis, aging. 13. Skin and thermoregulation. Skin functions, body temperature. Regulatory and adaptation mechanisms. Physiological peculiarities of birds and reptiles. Peculiarities of respiration, digestion and reproduction. PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES 1. Introduction Exercise management system, recommended literature, work safety during exercises. Manipulation and restraint of animals during clinical examination and blood sampling. 2. Blood physiology Methods of determining the basic parameters of blood. The immune system Examination of the leukogram. Methods of examination of hemostasis. Blood groups. 3. Physiology of the heart Basics of electrocardiography (ECG). Taking a dog's ECG. 4. Circulatory system Examination of the heart sounds, pulse and blood pressure. Respiratory system Assessing the breathing. Auscultation of the lungs. Lung volumes and capacities, spirometry, making a pneumogram. 5. Digestion in monogastric animals Assessment of feed intake. Assessment of digestion in the oral cavity, stomach and small intestine. Assessment of properties of bile and pancreatic juice. 6. Metabolism Basal and standard metabolism, measurement methods. Energy balance. Urinary system Urine collection. Sensory, physical, chemical and microscopic evaluation of urine. Functional examination of the kidneys. 7. Physiology of the endocrine system Glucose tolerance test. Evaluation of vasopressin functions. Endocrine regulatory mechanisms of stress reactions. 8. Reproductive system I Assessment of the phases of the sexual cycle of bitches - vaginoscopy, vaginal cytology, crystallization test, progesterone test. Vaginal smears in a mouse. 9. Reproductive system II Methods of diagnosis of pregnancy and parturition. Vital functions of newborns. Lactation Physical, chemical and microscopic analysis of milk and colostrum. The effect of oxytocin on milk ejection (video). 10. Central and peripheral nervous system Functional examination of the brain, electroencephalography. Higher neural activity, learning, and memory. Examination of the reflex activity. 11. Sensory department of the CNS Examination of sight, smell, taste, hearing and statokinetic analyzer and tactile sensation. 12. Muscle physiology Myography, tetanus, muscle fatigue, rigor mortis. Muscle tone. Types of muscle contractions. Growth and development Calcium and phosphorus metabolism and its regulation. Physiological gaits of a dog. 13. Physiological peculiarities of birds and reptiles Monitoring of starch digestion in poultry, assessment of hematological parameters of birds and reptiles. |