1. Organization of study subject Xenobiochemistry. Evaluation of students. Xenobiotics, their biotransformation, detoxification. Endogenous and exogenous xenobiotics. Two phases of biotransforamation reactions. 2. Mechanism of biotransformation reactions. Mechanism of first phase reactions (oxygenation, hydoxylation, reduction, dealkylation, desulfuration, hydrolysis). Mechanism of second phase reactions (conjugation enzyme systems). 3. Biotransformation of endogenous xenobiotics. Biotransformation of bile pigments. Biotransformation of steroid hormones. 4. Sources of free radicals in living organism and their functions. Free radicals, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, their physiological function. Antioxidants, pro-oxidants. 5. Oxidative stress. Antioxidative enzyme system. Antioxidative non-enzyme system. 6. Factors influencing of biotransformation of xenobiotics. Animal species, genetics, age, diseases. Diet, chemical exposure factors. 7. Regulation of biotransformation of xenobiotics. Enzyme induction. Inhibition of biotransformation reactions. Chemical reactivity, bioactivation, new drug development. Toxicity of intermediates, metabolites (alergy, cancer, cell death). 8. Biotransformation of penicilin and cephalosporin antibiotics. 9. Biotransformation of tetracycline antibiotics. 10. Biotransformation of macrolide antibiotics. 11. Biotransformation of sulphonamides, nitrofurans. 12. Biotransformation of chinolones. 13. Presentation of seminar works. Student evaluation, credits. |