Syllabus of Lectures: 1. The historical development of pharmacy and pharmacology; the role, importance and subdivisions of pharmacology. Connection of pharmacology with other scientific subjects. Pharmacological nomenclature, designation of drugs, drug names and common dosage (drug) forms. An assortment of the veterinary pharmaceuticals. The specifics of veterinary pharmacotherapy. The mode of drug utilization; causal, symptomatic, substitutional, palliative and combined therapy. 2. Dosage regimen, drug doses, therapeutic index (range) and wideness. The manifestation of the drug effects, basic data from the dose-response relationship. Administration of drugs: intravascular and extravascular administration. 3. Division of dosage (drug) forms. Solid, semisolid and liquid dosage forms. 4. Fate of drugs in the body. Main phases of drug action: pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic phases. Pharmacokinetics: drug absorption and distribution. Compartmental theory. The interaction of drugs. Pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical interactions. Chemical and physical incompatibility. 5. Pharmacokinetics: drug elimination (biotransformation and excretion of drugs). The phases, metabolites, main parameters. Elimination of drugs by kidneys, liver, gut, and other organs. Drugs in milk and eggs. Kinetics of the elimination. Clearance methods. Biotransformation interactions. Induction of enzymes. 6. Pharmacodynamics. Mechanism of drug action and effect from the molecular point of view. Specific pharmacological receptors. Drug-receptor interactions. Structure-activity relationship. Potency, selectivity and specificity of drug. Receptor regulation and drug tolerance. Pharmacodynamic type of interactions. 7. Side effects of drugs, adverse drug reactions. Factors influencing the drug effect. Acute, subchronic and chronic toxicity. Mutagenic, carcinogenic, embryotoxic and teratogenic effect of drugs and their metabolites. Veterinary drug residues in the food of animal origin. Origin of residues. Maximum intake of residues and some other terms. Determination the maximum residue limits of vet. medicinal products, withdrawal time. 8. Drugs used against infectious diseases. Division. Antibacterial strategy and their main principles. Rational use of antimicrobial agents. Antibiotics: sources, chemical structure, mode of action on microbes. Combination of antibiotics. Microbial resistance. Degree and extent. Kinds and types of resistance: natural (primary), acquired (secondary), extra chromosomal and crosswise. Factors influencing the rise of resistance. Undesired side effects. Risk of antibiotic residues in food. 9. Penicillins - division, pharmacokinetics of individual salts, solubility, combination of penicillins, antimicrobial spectrum; biosynthetic, semisynthetic, beta-lactamase stable and broad-spectrum penicillins; penicillins active gainst pseudomonas. Cephalosporins of 1st - 4th generations. Other beta-lactam antibiotics. 10. Aminoglycoside and aminocyclitol antibiotics. Tetracyclines of 1st - 3rd generations. 11. Amphenicols. Macrolides, lincosamides and miscellaneous antimicrobials. 12. Sulfonamides (division, absorption, distribution, metabolism, mechanism of action and spectrum of effect, systemic and topical use, side effects, acute and chronic toxicity). 13. Quinolones: division, mechanism of action and spectrum of effect, pharmacokinetic, therapeutic indications and clinical uses, side effects. Nitrofurans. Syllabus of Practicals: 11. Weight units used in pharmacology (SI and other); calculation of drug doses and dilutions of liquid drugs. Calculation of drug doses based on animal’s body surface area. 2. Basics of Latin necessary for prescription of drugs (conjugations, declinations, numerals and abbreviations used in prescription). 3. European Pharmacopoeia - division and definition of basic terms. Veterinary drug handbooks (Compendiums) - composition, dosage forms, drug monographs, used abbreviations; withdrawal times (periods); package inserts. 4. Prescription - general information, the importance, the structure, the types of prescriptions and the main principles of prescribing of drugs. 5. Prescription of mass-produced medicinal products - injectable preparations (pharmaceuticals). 6. Prescription of mass-produced medicinal products intended to the owner’s hands (application by the animal owner). Prescription of medicinal mixtures. 7. Prescription of solid dosage (drug) forms. 8. Preparation of solid drug forms and verification of household measures and their importance to prescription of solid drug forms. 9. Prescription of liquid dosage forms. 10. Preparation of liquid drug forms – solutions with solubisers, suspensions, emulsions. Verification of household measures used in aplication of liquid drug forms. 11. Prescription of semisolid dosage forms. Prescription of narcotic and psychotropic substances; officinal (non-pharmacopoeial) preparations. 12. Credit test. Preparation of semisolid dosage forms. 13. Comparison of the prescription of individualy preapred preaparations and mass-produced medicinal products. Drug administration. Awarding of Credits. |