Active participation in practical exercises.

Preparation of self-drawings of histological slides in "Practical manual of veterinary histology and embryology".

Successful passing of three theoretical tests. Successful passing of three practical tests.

At least 51% is necessary to obtain from each theoretical and practical tests.

Students are able to work independently with a light microscope. They understand methods of processing tissues for the purposes of light microscopy. They learn about the microscopic structure of animal tissues and organs. Also they understand the relationship between the structure and function of organs. The acquired knowledge is essential for understanding the topics in other subjects.

In the winter semester, the subject Histology and Embryology deals with sample processing methods for light and transmission electron microscopy. Study also includes cytology and general histology. The student will become familiar with the structure and ultrastructure of cells. They gain detailed theoretical knowledge of the structure of tissues and organs. Based on them, they can identify tissues in the histological preparation.

LECTURES

1. Introduction to histology. Histological methods. Microscopes and specimen preparation. 2. Cytology. The cell as main structural and functional unit of the organism. The cell membrane – structure and function. Organelles and inclusions. 3. Epithelium. Classification of epithelia. Lining and glandular epithelia. 4. Connective tissue. Classification. Structure and function of connective tissue. Cells (fixed and wandering) and fibres of connective tissue, ground substance. 5. Supporting tissue. Cartilage and bone. Ossification. 6. Special connective tissue. Blood and lymph. Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes (blood platelets). Hematopoiesis. 7. Muscle tissue. Visceral (smooth), skeletal and cardiac muscles. 8. Muscle tissue. Morphological background of muscle contraction. 9. Nervous tissue. Neurons and neuroglial cells. Structure of nerve fibres, nerve endings. Neurosynapses and neurotransmitters. 10. Cardiovascular system. The classification of blood vessels, arteries and veins, continuous and fenestrated capillaries, sinusoids. The heart. Impulse – generating and conducting system of the heart. 11. Lymphatic system. Lymph vessels. Lymphatic organs: the bursa of fabricius and thymus, lymph node, the spleen, and tonsils. 12. Endocrine system. The pituitary gland and hypothalamus. The thyroid and parathyroid glands, the adrenal gland and pineal body: structure and hormones. 13. Nervous system. The central nervous system, the spinal cord and its reflex arc, brain, archicortex and neocortex, hippocampus, ammon´s horn.

PRACTICALS

1. Light microscopy. Preparation of tissues for light microscopy examination. Light microscope and its effective using. Identification of staining methods. 2. Cytology. Cell types identification. Organelles identification. 3. Epithelium. Study of different types of epithelia. 4. Connective tissue. Study of different types of connective tissues. I. Test 5. Supporting tissues. Cartilage and bone: classification and study. Intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Growth plate of the long bones. 6. Blood. Mammalian and avian blood smears: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and blood platelets. Differentiation of neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. 7. Muscle tissue. Study of visceral (smooth) muscle, skeletal and cardiac muscle. 8. Muscle tissue. The neuromuscular junction: the motor end plate. 9. Nervous tissue. Neurons and neuroglial cells: structure and functions. Different types of neurons: pyramidal, multipolar, pseudounipolar. Structure of nerve fibers: peripheral nerve in cross and longitudinal sections. The nerve endings. 10. The cardiovascular system. Blood vessels: classification and study. The heart. II. Test 11. The lymphatic system. Thymus, lymph nodes, the spleen, and tonsils. Lymph vessels. 12. The endocrine system. The pituitary gland (hypophysis), the thyroid and parathyroid glands, the adrenal glands, pineal body and the pancreatic islets. 13. The nervous system. The spinal cord, meninges, brain, ammon´s horn, cerebellum, spinal ganglion, peripheral nerve, intramural ganglion. III. Test

Almasiova V., Holovska K.: Histology II. UVMP Kosice 2019;

Almasiova V., Holovska K.: Histological methods. UVM Kosice 2009;

Holovská K., Almášiová V.: Practical Manual of Veterinary Histology and Embryology, 2021;

Moodle: lectures and practicals;

Intranet - Atlas of histological preparations;

Continuous assessment:

Attendance of exercises according to the rules of UVMP. Students have to pass all 3 theoretical tests: Histological techniques and cytology; Tissues; Cardiovascular, lymphatic and endocrine system (at least 16 points out of 30 from each theory test is required). Students have to pass all 3 practical tests: Epithelia; Tissues; Cardiovascular, lymphatic and endocrine system (at least 51% from each histological slide is required). Two repeat terms of credit tests will be given after the semester. Missing lessons have to be substituted.

Conditions for completion of course:

Active participation in practical exercises.

Preparation of self-drawings of histological slides in "Practical manual of veterinary histology and embryology".

Successful passing of three theoretical tests. Successful passing of three practical tests.

At least 51% is necessary to obtain from each theoretical and practical tests.

Final assessment:

Credit