Active participation in practical exercises. Preparation of self-drawings of histological slides in "Practical manual of veterinary histology and embryology ". Successful passing of three theoretical tests. Successful passing of three practical tests. At least 51% is necessary to obtain from all theoretical and practical tests.

Students are able to work independently with a light microscope. They understand methods of processing tissues for the purposes of light microscopy. They learn about the microscopic structure of animal tissues and organs. Also they understand the relationship between the structure and function of organs. The acquired knowledge is essential for understanding the topics in other subjects.

In the summer semester, the subject Histology and Embryology deals with the structures of organs in relation to their function. The lectures present details of histological structure and ultrastructure of animal organs according to individual systems. Lectures include complex text as well as numerous slides of light and electron microscopic images. The practical exercises directly correlates with the lectures. Students work with light microscopes and receive knowledge of structure of healthy organs. The subject also includes veterinary embryology where students study structure of fetal membranes, umbilical cord and placenta in different species. Students are able to apply their knowledge from our subject to other disciplines.

LECTURES

1. The digestive system. The general structure of the wall of the digestive tube. Oral cavity and tongue; the tooth, esophagus. 2. The digestive system. Proventricles, the stomach, the small and large intestine. The main characteristies of avian digestive system. 3. The digestive system. The salivary glands, the liver, the gall bladder, the pancreas. 4. The respiratory system. The nasal cavity. Larynx, trachea and bronchi. Lungs: the pulmonary lobule, alveoli, air-blood barrier. Avian lung. 5. The urinary system. The kidney; the nephron, the collecting tubules, juxtaglomerular apparatus. The intrarenal and extrarenal urinary passages. The main characteristics of avian urinary system. 6. The male reproductive system. The testis and spermatogenesis. Epididymis, ductus deferens, accessory sex glands, the penis. 7. The female reproductive system. The ovary and oogenesis. Ovarian cycle. Oviduct, uterus, uterine cycle, vagina. The main characteristics of avian female reproductive system. 8. Skin and epidermal derivatives. Skin, hair and hair follicles, skin glands, the equine and bovine hoof, the mammary gland and its development. 9. Sense organs. The eye, the layers of the eyeball, 3 types of neurones in the retina; histophysiology of vision. The ear: external, middle and inner ear. The vestibulocochlear apparatus: the organ of Corti and vestibular apparatus. 10. Embryology. Progenesis. Oogenesis. Ovum. Spermatogenesis. Spermatozoon. Fertilization. Blastogenesis. Cleavage of amphibians, birds and mammals. Derivates of the germ layers. 11. Fetal membranes. Yolk sac, Amnion and Chorion. Alantois, External morphology. Placenta, Implantion, Classification of the placenta. Transfer of substances through fetal-maternal barier. 12. Organogenesis. Development of individual organs according to systems. Development of circulatory system, lymphatic system, nervous system, respiratory system and sensory system. 13. Organogenesis. Development of digestive system, urinary system, male and female reproductive system, endocrine system and integumentary system.

PRACTICALS

1. The digestive system. Tongue; tongue with vallate papilla, the tooth, esophagus. 2. The digestive system. Esophageal-gastric junction,proventricles, the stomach, the small intestine, large intestine, rectoanal junction. 3. The digestive system. The salivary glands: parotid and mandibular; the liver, gall bladder, the pancreas. 4. The respiratory system. The nasal cavity, trachea, lungs, the fetal lungs, avian lungs. 5. The urinary system. The kidney; the nephron, the collecting tubules, juxtaglomerular apparatus. The intrarenal and extrarenal urinary passages. The main characteristics of avian urinary system I. Test 6. The male reproductive system. Testis of adult animal, prepuberal testis, testis of cryptorchid, epididymis, ductus deferens, accessory sex glands: Cowpers gland, seminal vesicle. Male urethra with prostate gland, the penis. 7. The female reproductive system. The ovary of a cycling female, ovary of pregnant animal with corpus luteum, oviduct, uterus, vagina and avian ovary. 8. Skin and epidermal derivatives. Skin with hair follicles and skin glands, lip with sinus hairs, foot pad, the equine and bovine hoof, hair of different domestic animals, feather, the lactating mammary gland, juvenile mammary gland. II. Test 9. Sense organs. The eye (eyeball), the eyelid, tear gland, the external ear: auricle, inner ear: the organ of Corti and vestibular apparatus. 10. Progenesis. Spermatogenesis, spermatozoon, oogenesis, ovum - smear and light microscopy. Blastogenesis. Cleavage of amphibians, birds and mammals 11. Fetal membranes. Placenta, classification. Placenta of different animal species. 12. Organogenesis. Development of individual organs according to systems. Development of circulatory system, lymphatic system, nervous system, respiratory system and sensory system III. Test 13. Organogenesis. Development of digestive system, urinary system, male and female reproductive system, endocrine system and integumentary system.

Almasiova V., Holovska K.: Histological methods. UVM Košice 2009;

Almášiová V., Holovská K.: Veterinary Histology II., UVLF Košice, 2019;

Holovská K., Almášiová V.: Practical Manual of Veterinary Histology and Embryology, 2021;

Moodle – lectures and practicals Intranet - Atlas of histological preparations

Continuous assessment:

Attendance of exercises according to the rules of UVMP. Students have to pass all 3 theoretical tests: Digestive and respiratory system; Urogenital system; Integumentary and sensory system (at least 16 points out of 30 from each theory test is required). Students have to pass all 3 practical tests: Digestive and respiratory system; Urogenital system; Nervous, integumentary and sensory system (at least 51% from each histological slide is required). Two repeat terms of credit tests will be given after the semester. Missing lessons have to be substituted.

Conditions for completion of course:

Active participation in practical exercises. Preparation of self-drawings of histological slides in "Practical manual of veterinary histology and embryology ". Successful passing of three theoretical tests. Successful passing of three practical tests. At least 51% is necessary to obtain from all theoretical and practical tests.

Final assessment:

Credit and exam.

The exam is written and consists of theoretical part (questions from general histology, special histology and embryology) and practical part (3 histological slides - it is necessary to identify the organ, the staining method used and then draw and describe the given specimen). Each part must be answered for at least 51%.