Active participation in practicals.

The student has to pass 2 credit tests (that will be in the 6th and 13th week of the semester).

The student can miss 3 practices from subject in semester, of that 1 can be missed without compensation, 2 he/she has to compensate.

GENERAL SECTION

Basic concepts in toxicology

Absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of toxins

Exposure to chemicals

The course of poisoning

A SPECIAL SECTION

Poisoning by inorganic substances

Poisoning by organic substances

Pesticides

Methemoglobinic substances

Pathological derivatives of hemoglobin

Poisonous plants

Toxins of animal origin

Mycotoxicoses

Toxicity tests

The health and environmental risks of chemicals

THE PROGRAM OF LECTURES IN TOXICOLOGY

in the academic year 2022/2023

Winter semester:2 hours per week

1. Toxicology and its history. The definition of poison. Exogenous and endogenous factors influencing the toxicity. Synergism and antagonism. Classification of poisons. Distribution, accumulation, elimination of toxic substances in the organism.

2. Biotransformation of poisons in the organism and degradation in the environment. Ethiology of animal poisonings. Diagnosis of intoxication. First aid and treatment of poisoning. Antidotes.

3. Methemoglobinemic agents and methemoglobinemias in animals. Nitrate and nitrite poisoning. Toxicology of chromium, chlorates, carbon monoxide, cyanide and sulphur.

4. Urea (ammonia) poisoning. Heavy metals - toxicology of mercury, arsenic, antimony and selenium.

5.Toxicology of lead, barium, manganese, zinc, cadmium, copper, flourine, molybdenum, chlorine.

6. Aldehydes, phenols, alcohols, acids, alkalies, acid rain.

7. Pesticides and their classification. Rodenticides (zinc phosphide, yellow phosphorus, thallium, anticoagulant rodenticides, fluoroacetate derivatives, ANTU, alfachloralosa, strychnine, sea onion, bromethaline, cholecalciferol).

8. Insecticides and their classification. Natural insecticides, pyrethroids, nitrated phenols, organochlorines, organophosphorus compounds, carbamates, organic thiocyanates, fumigants.

9. Herbicides and their classification. Sodium chlorate. Phenoxyacetic acid derivatives. Triasines. Bipyridilium herbicides. Nitrophenols. Urea herbicides. Chlorinated aliphatic acids. Growth regulators. Other herbicides.

10. Fungicides and their classification. Intoxication with pentachlorphenol (PENTA). Mycotoxicosis. Classification of mycotoxins. Aflatoxicosis. Fusariotoxicosis. Stachybotryotoxicosis. Facial eczema. Ergotism. Ochratoxicosis.

11. Phytotoxicosis. Plants containing alkaloids, glucosides, oxalates, phytotoxins. Seizure-producing plants. Plants causing gastroenteritis. Plants with other activities.

12. Venomous creatures (snakes, spiders, scorpions, bees, wasps, ants, toads, etc.). Poisons that may be used for chemical terrorism. Adverse effects of nanoparticules used in various kinds of industry on human and animal organism.

13. Avian and aquatic toxicology. Ethiology of poisoning in birds and fish. Toxicology of marine toxins. Classification of toxicity for aquatic organisms – LC50, EC50. Factors influencing toxicity of water contaminants. Some human foods that can be poisonous to pets.Fundamentals of forensic toxicology.

THE PROGRAM OF PRACTICES IN TOXICOLOGY in the academic year 2022/2023

Winter semester: 2 hours per week

1. Foreword to practices in Veterinary Toxicology. Safe precautions for work in the toxicological laboratory. Diagnosis of intoxication (anamnesis, clinical symptomatology, necropsy, chemical-toxicological analysis, biological experiment). Withdrawal, packing and sending of the samples for chemical-toxicological analysis. Methods of separation, purification and detection of poisons.

Video – clinical symptoms of intoxications in laboratory animals.

2. The chemical-toxicological analysis of poisons determined without sample adjustment (As, Hg, Zn3P2). Colorimetric method with test strips used for screening determination of arsenic. Qualitative determination of cations from water extract (group and specific reactions).

Video – zinc phosphide intoxication in cat, lead intoxication in cattle.

3. Pathological derivatives of hemoglobin – methemoglobin, cyanohemoglobin, cyanomethemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, sulfhemoglobin. Normal concentration of methemoglobin in blood of domestic animals. Quantitative determination of methemoglobin in blood by spectrophotometric method. The in vitro study of methemoglobin formation and degradation after nitrite adding.

Video – carbon monoxide intoxication in dog.

4. Diagnosis of urea (ammonia) intoxication. Quantitative determination of urea in milk, serum and food of poisoned ruminants by spectrophotometric method. Use the ammonium ion-selective electrode to measure levels of ammonium ions introduced from fertilizers.

Video – urea intoxication in cattle.

5.Diagnosis of NaCl intoxication. Determination of chlorides in serum by spectrophotometric method. Determination of Cl- ions in a water sample by ion-selective electrode.

Video – NaCl intoxication in pigs.

6. Diagnosis of nitrate and nitrite intoxication. Qualitative determination of nitrates and nitrites in water extract. Determination of nitrate ions in a water sample by ion-selective electrode.

7. Determination of poisons separated by steam distillation – cyanide, phenols, aldehydes, chloroform. Quantitative determination of cyanide by spectrophotometric method. Colorimetric method with test strips used for screening determination of phenols, formaldehyde and cyanide.

Video – metaldehyde intoxication in dog.

Credit task 1

8. Classification of rodenticides. Anticoagulant rodenticides. Semiquantitative determination of warfarin, bromadiolone and brodifacoum in biological material by thin layer chromatography.

Video – intoxication of rodents by warfarin and superwarfarins. Strychnin intoxication in dog.

9. Classification of insecticides. Intoxication with organophosphates and carbamates (description of the mechanism of action, clinical symptoms, therapy, necropsy). Screening determination of the acethylcholinesterase inhibition in blood by spectrophotometric analysis. Determination of acethylcholinesterase inhibitor in urine of intoxicated animals. Semiquantitative determination of insecticide aldicarb in chick liver by thin layer chromatography. Biochemical, histochemical and other aspects in chemical-toxicological analysis, determination of activity of AST, ALT, LD and some isoenzymes.

Video – organophosphate, organochlorine and pyrethroid intoxication in various kinds of animals.

10. Classification of herbicides. Qualitative determination of DNOC by extraction in the separating funel. Semiquantitative determination of MCPA in the samples by thin layer chromatography.

Video – MCPA intoxication in pheasants, chloridazone intoxication in sheep.

11. Semiquantitative determination of drugs important in veterinary medicine – paracetamolum, monensin, salinomycin and others by thin layer chromatography.

OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. Human health risk assessment of chemicals.

Video – acute oral test in birds.

12. Semiquantitative determination of mycotoxins and alkaloids in biological material. Screening method for detection of Aspergillus flavus and parasiticus in grain and chromatographic determination of aflatoxins. Determination of selected alkaloids in the biological material. Determination of gluko-alkaloid solanine in potato. Drug dependence in men.

Video – strychnine intoxication in dog.

13. Separation and identification of the major components of common painkilling drugs (paracetamolum, aspirin, caffeine). Ecotoxicological risk assessment (indicator species of organisms, toxicity testing according to international guidelines, evaluation of risk).

Video – supermethrin intoxication in sheep. Credit task 2.

QUESTIONS FOR EXAM IN VETERINARY TOXICOLOGY

in the academic year 2022/2023

I.

1. The subject Veterinary Toxicology; the definition of poison and intoxication; classification of poisons.

2. The exogenous and endogenous factors influencing the toxicity of poisons. Spectrum of toxic effects. Absorption, distribution, accumulation, elimination of substances in the organism.

3. Biotransformation of poisons in the animal body. Degradation of poisons in the environment.

4. Dose, exposure, LD50.

5. Synergism, antagonism, potentiation, additive effect, accumulation.

6. Withdrawal, packing, sending of the samples for chemical-toxicological analysis.

7. Diagnosis of poisoning (anamnesis, clinical symptomatology, necropsy, chemical-toxicological analysis, biological experiment); methods of separation, purification and detection of poisons.

8. The first aid and therapy of poisoning. Antidotes. Prevention of intoxications.

9. Chemical determination of poisons without sample adjustment (As, Hg, Zn3P2).

10. The determination of cations in food from water extract.

11. The qualitative tests for the determination of nitrates and nitrites in the biological material.

12. Normal concentration of methemoglobin in blood of domestic animals; the determination of MtHb concentration by spectrophotometric method; studying of methemoglobin formation and degradation under in vitro conditions after nitrite adding. Other pathological derivatives of hemoglobin – cyanohemoglobin, cyanomethemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, sulfhemoglobin.

13. The determination of NaCl by polarographic method and chlorides in serum by spectrophotometric method. Normal concentration of NaCl in animal tissues.

14. The determination of urea in milk, food and serum by spectrophotometric method.

15. Chemical determination of cyanides, phenols, aldehydes in the biological material (steam distillation; qualitative tests).

16. The determination of warfarin in the biological material.

17. Clinical symptomatology, therapy and chemical-toxicological analysis of organophosphate intoxication. Screening method for determination of acethylcholinesterase inhibition in parenchymatous organs. The determination of acethylcholinesterase activity in serum by spectrophotometric method. Biochemical, histochemical and other aspects in chemical-toxicological analysis, determination of activity of AST, ALT, LD and some isoenzymes.

18. Chemical analysis of residues of polychlorinated biphenyls and supermethrin in the biological material (gas chromatography).

19. Chemical determination of alkaloids and mycotoxins in the biological material by TLC method. Screening method for determination of Aspergillus flavus in grains. Determination of ochratoxin A in coffee.

20. The determination of dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) and MCPA in the biological material.

21. The determination of drugs – paracetamolum, salinomycin and monenzin in the biological material by TLC method.

22. Ethiology of poisonings in domestic and wildlife animals.

23. Ethiology of intoxications in fish, birds and bees.

24. International guidelines for testing of new chemicals (OECD tests).

II.

25. Methemoglobinemic agents and methemoglobinemias in domestic animals.

26. Intoxication with nitrates and nitrites.

27. Chlorate and chromium poisoning.

28. Intoxication with carbon monoxide.

29. Cyanide intoxication. Cyanogenic glucosides.

30. Intoxication with sulphur and its compounds. Sulfhemoglobin.

31. Ammonia and urea intoxication.

32. Intoxication with mercury and its compounds.

33. Intoxication with arsenic and antimony.

34. Intoxication with selenium.

35. Intoxication with lead and its compounds.

36. Baryum intoxication.

37. Intoxication with manganese.

38. Zinc intoxication.

39. Cadmium intoxication.

40. Toxicology of copper compounds.

41. Intoxication with molybdenum.

42. Intoxication with fluorine and its compounds.

43. Toxicology of chlorine and its compounds. NaCl intoxication.

44. Poisoning with aldehydes.

45. Poisoning with phenols.

46. Intoxication with acids and alkalies.

47. Alcohols. Ethylene glycol poisoning.

III.

48. Classification of pesticides.

49. Rodenticides and their classification.

50. Inorganic rodenticides (zinc phosphide, elemental phosphorus, thallium sulphate).

51. Warfarin and superwarfarins.

52. Alphanaphthylthiourea (ANTU). Alphachloralosa. Endrin.

53. Rodenticides of plant origin – strychnine, sea onion.

54. Fluoroacetates. Bromethaline. Cholecalciferol.

55. Insecticides and their classification.

56. Pyrethrins, pyrethroids, rotenon, nicotine.

57. Chlororganic insecticides.

58. Organophosphate insecticides.

59. Carbamates. Organic thiocyanates.

60. Nitrated phenols (DNOC, Dinoseb, Dinex).

61. Fumigant insecticides.

62. Classification of herbicides.

63. Inorganic herbicides.

64. The derivatives of phenoxyacetic and phenoxybuthyric acid.

65. Triazines.

66. Urea herbicides.

67. Dipyridilium herbicides (diquat, paraquat).

68. Thiocarbamidanes (triallate, EPTC). Growth regulators.

69. Fungicides (containing copper, mercury, tin, sulfur compounds; thiocarbamates, dithiocarbamates; chlorinated and nitrated phenols; isothiocyanates). Pentachlorphenol.

70. Molluscicides. Metaldehyd.

71. Polychlorinated biphenyls.

72. Mycotoxicosis. Classification of mycotoxins.

73. Mycotoxins with hepatotoxic effect. Aflatoxicosis.

74. Mycotoxins provoking haemorrhagic syndrome. Stachybotriotoxicosis.

75. Mycotoxins provoking photodynamic effect. Facial eczema.

76. Mycotoxins with other effects (ergotism, estrogenism and vulvovaginitis, ochratoxicosis).

77. Poisonous plants and their classification.

78. Plants containing alkaloids, glycosides.

79. Oxalate and phytotoxin-containing plants.

80. Seizure-producing, gastroenteritis-causing and skin-sensitizing plants. Plants with other activities.

81. Venomous creatures (snakes, scorpions, spiders, bees, wasps, ants, toads,etc.).

82. Exposure of aquatic animals by toxic substances. LC50 of chemical substances for fish.

83. Factors influencing the toxicity of ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, cyanide and other contaminants in water environment.

84. Toxicology of marine toxins.

Merck Veterinary Manual;

Gupta, R. C.: Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles, Academic Press, 2007.

Plumlee, K.H.: Clinical veterinary toxicology. Mosby, 2004, 491 p., ISBN 0-323-01125-X.

Peterson, M.E., Talcott, P.A.: Small Animal Toxicology (Third Edition), 2013, 865 p., ISBN: 978-1-4557-0717-1.

Beasley, V.R.: Veterinary toxicology, 2008, http://www.ivis.org/advances/Beasley/toc.asp

Kovalkovičová, N.: Lectures in veterinary toxicology, 2015.

Kovalkovičová et al.: Guideline of practices in veterinary toxicology, 2014.

Continuous assessment:

2 credit tests

Conditions for completion of course:

Active participation in practicals.

The student has to pass 2 credit tests (that will be in the 6th and 13th week of the semester).

The student can miss 3 practices from subject in semester, of that 1 can be missed without compensation, 2 he/she has to compensate.

Final assessment:

written test and oral exam

Examination: written test + oral exam (3 questions)

TOTAL EVALUATION:

Results from:

2 credit tests (20% min 11%)

written test (45% min 23%)

oral exam (35% min 18%; each question min 6 %)