- Concepts of normality in clinical biochemistry. Populations and their distributions. Reference interval determination and use. Accuracy in analyte measurements. Precision in analyte measurements. Inference from samples. - Carbohydrate metabolism and its diseases. Concentration of glucose in blood of animals and methods of its determination (direct methods, indirect methods – Alc hemoglobin, fructoseamine; tolerance tests: glucose tolerance tests, insulin tolerance test, glucagon stimulation test, epinephrine tolerance test, leucine-induced hypoglycemia). - Hyperlipidemia in dogs, cats and horses. Ketogenesis and ketosis. Fasting ketosis. Diabetic ketosis. Ketosis associated with pregnancy and lactation (bovine ketosis, ovine pregnancy toxemia, syndromes in other species). Postexercise ketosis. - Serum proteins and dysproteinemias. Methods of protein determination in serum of animals (total serum protein, fractionation and electrophoretic separation of the serum proteins). Normal serum proteins ( prealbumin, albumin, globulins. Interpretation of serum protein profiles (physiological influences, inflammation).The dysproteinemias (normal and changed A:G profile). - Clinical enzymology (natural history of clinically diagnostic serum enzyme, development of a clinical enzyme assay, validation of an assay, specimen requirements, assay of enzymes in the clinical laboratory, enzymuria, quality assurance). Diagnostics using enzyme- linked methods (immobilized enzymes, enzyme immunodiagnostics). Enzymes of clinical diagnostic importance. - Porphyrins and the porphyrias. Methods for determination of porphyrins (fluorescence methods). The porfyrias (classification, erytropoietic porphyrias, hepatic porphyrias, aquired toxic porphyrias). - Iron metabolism and its disorders. Iron compartments and its absorption and methods for evaluating of its metabolism (hematology, serum total iron binding capacity, serum ferritin, bone marrow iron, erythrocyte protoporphyrin, tissue nonheme iron, ferrokinetics). Disorders of iron metabolism (iron deficiency in pigs, calves, foals, dogs, cats; iron overload and toxicity; acute phase reaction; anemia of chronic disorders). - Hypothalamus-pituitary system. Regulation of pituitary functions (adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis: ACTH/αMSH, β-endorphin/β-lipotropin), glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, FSH), somatomammotropic hormones (GH, prolactin). Neurohypophysis (vasopressin, oxyrocin). Assessment of pituitary function. - Adrenocordical function. Adrenocortical diseases (hypoadrenocorticism, hyperadrenocorticism). Assessment of adrenocortical function. - Thyroid function. Catabolism and excretion of thyroid hormones, its regulation. Thyroid function tests. Diseases of the thyroid (goiter, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism). - Clinical reproductive endocrinology. Hormones of reproductive system (peptide and protein hormones, steroid hormones). Assay methods (immunoassay techniques). Clinical aspects of reproductive endocrinology in cattle, sheep pig, horse, dog, and cat. Material for analysis and storage effects. - Calcium-regulating hormones and diseases of abnormal mineral (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium) metabolism. Calcium metabolism and calcium-regulating hormones (parathyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone-related protein, calcitonin, cholecalciferol – vitamin D). - Phosphate metabolism (serum phosphate, absorption and excretion of phosphate; hypophosphatemia, hyperphosphatemia). Metabolic diseases of abnormal calcium/phosphorus metabolism (hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcitonism and hypocalcitoninism, rickets and osteomalacia; biochemical marekers of bone metabolism). - Magnesium metabolism (distribution, absorption and excretion of magnesium), serum magnesium and its regulation. Disturbances of magnesium metabolism (hypomagnesemia in calves, hypomagnesemia in the adult cattle, miscellaneous conditions). - Clinical manifestations of hepatic insufficiency (bile pigment, metabolism and excretion, icterus, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatic photosensitivity, ascites). Laboratory assessment of hepatic function (hepatic enzymes, serum bilirubin, serum bile acids, serum proteins, dye excretion). - Physilogy of the pancreas (pancreatic fluid and electrolytes, pancreatic enzymes, regulation of pancreatic secretion). Pancreatic disease (acute pancreatitis, pancreatic insufficiency – etiology, pathopysiology, laboratory diagnostic aids). - Disturbances of gastrointestinal function (vomition, gastric dilatation – volvulus, ischemia – reperfusion injury, acute diarrheas, intestinal malabsorption). - Disturbances of rumen function (acute rumen indigestion, acute rumen tympany, urea poisoning).- - Diagnostic laboratory methods for the evaluation of neuromuscular disorders. Selected neuromuscular disorders of domestic animals (ion channelopathies: myasthenia gravis, periodic paralysis, myotonia, malignant hyperthermia; muscular dystrophy; disorders of glyco(geno)lysis affecting skeletal muscle). - Primary renal dysfunction (acute renal failure, chronic renal failure and their consequences: uremia and its clinical sign, derangements in water homeostasis, hematological abnormalities, plasma electrolyte concentrations, acid - base alterations, metabolic alterations associated with uremia). Urinalysis. Test of renal function (tests for azotemia, urine concentration tests, clearance methods). - Evaluation of imbalances (water, sodium, potassium, chloride). Clinical features of fluid and electrolyte balance. Clinicopathological indicators of fluid and electrolyte imbalance (packed cell volume and total plasma protein, serum sodium, potassium and chloride, osmolality). - Avian clinical biochemistry. Collection of blood samples. Starvation and postprandial effects = circadioan and circannual rhythms. Plasma proteins. Renal function (end products of protein metabolism: hyperuricemia and gout, acute vs chronic renal failure, prerenal azotemia). Hepatobiliary disease (clinical enzymology, clearance of enzymes from plasma, indicators of liver and muscle damage, bile pigments and bile acids as indicators of hepatobiliary disease, hepatoencephalopathy). Muscle disease (enzyme profile in muscle disease, myopathies). Metabolic bone disease (relationship between total calcium and protein in avian plasma, hypocalcemia syndrome, alkaline phosphatase in bone disease). Iron storage disease. Diabetes mellitus and plasma glucose. Exocrine pancreatic disease. Toxicology (lead, zinc, organophosphate and carbamate). |
1. Organization of the study and evaluation of students. Concepts of normality in clinical biochemistry. Populations and their distributions. Reference interval determination and use. Accuracy in analyte measurements. Precision in analyte measurements. Inference from samples. Carbohydrate metabolism and its diseases. Digestion, absorption and metabolism of carbohydrate. Interrelationships of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. Concentration of glucose in blood of animals and methods of its determination (direct methods, indirect methods – Alc hemoglobin, fructoseamine; tolerance tests: glucose tolerance tests, insulin tolerance test, glucagon stimulation test, epinephrine tolerance test, leucine-induced hypoglycemia). Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism (diabetes mellitus, hyperinsulinism, hypoglycemia of baby pigs, glycogen storage diseases). Disorders of ruminants associated with hypoglycemia (carbohydrate balance, biochemical alterations in body fluids). 2. Lipids and ketones. Long-chain fatty acids, triacylglycerol, phospholipids, cholesterol, lipoproteins. Hyperlipidemia in dogs, cats and horses. Ketogenesis and ketosis (chemistry, synthesis, catabolism and patophysiology of ketones). Fasting ketosis. Diabetic ketosis. Ketosis associated with pregnancy and lactation (bovine ketosis, ovine pregnancy toxemia, syndromes in other species). Postexercise ketosis. 3. Serum proteins and dysproteinemias. Classification and metabolism of proteins. The plasma proteins. Methods of protein determination in serum of animals (total serum protein, fractionation and electrophoretic separation of the serum proteins). Normal serum proteins ( prealbumin, albumin, globulins. Interpretation of serum protein profiles (physiological influences, inflammation).The dysproteinemias (normal and changed A:G profile). Clinical enzymology. Basic enzymology. Clinical laboratory enzymology (natural history of clinically diagnostic serum enzyme, development of a clinical enzyme assay, validation of an assay, specimen requirements, assay of enzymes in the clinical laboratory, enzymuria, quality assurance). Diagnostics using enzyme- linked methods (immobilized enzymes, enzyme immunodiagnostics). Enzymes of clinical diagnostic importance. 4. Porphyrins and the porphyrias. Structure and synthesis of the porphyrins and heme. Methods for determination of porphyrins (fluorescence methods). The porfyrias (classification, erytropoietic porphyrias, hepatic porphyrias, aquired toxic porphyrias). Iron metabolism and its disorders. Iron compartments and its absorption and methods for evaluating of its metabolism (hematology, serum total iron binding capacity, serum ferritin, bone marrow iron, erythrocyte protoporphyrin, tissue nonheme iron, ferrokinetics). Disorders of iron metabolism (iron deficiency in pigs, calves, foals, dogs, cats; iron overload and toxicity; acute phase reaction; anemia of chronic disorders). 5. Hormones. Pituitary function. Hypothalamus-pituitary system. Regulation of pituitary functions (adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis: ACTH/αMSH, β-endorphin/β-lipotropin), glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, FSH), somatomammotropic hormones (GH, prolactin). Neurohypophysis (vasopressin, oxyrocin). Assessment of pituitary function. Adrenocordical function. Anatomy, physiology and biochemistry. Adrenocortical diseases (hypoadrenocorticism, hyperadrenocorticism). Assessment of adrenocortical function. 6. Thyroid function. Anatomy, physiology and nutritional requirements. Iodine metabolism. Functions of the thyroid gland. Transport and mechanism of thyroid hormone action. Catabolism and excretion of thyroid hormones, its regulation. Thyroid function tests. Diseases of the thyroid (goiter, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism). Clinical reproductive endocrinology. Hormones of reproductive system (peptide and protein hormones, steroid hormones). Hormone receptors, intercorvension of steroids in target tissues, synthesis and clearance of hormones. Assay methods (immunoassay techniques). Physiology of reproductive hormones in the female. Clinical aspects of reproductive endocrinology in cattle, sheep pig, horse, dog, and cat. Material for analysis and storage effects. 7. Calcium-regulating hormones and diseases of abnormal mineral (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium) metabolism. Calcium metabolism and calcium-regulating hormones (parathyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone-related protein, calcitonin, cholecalciferol – vitamin D). Phosphate metabolism (serum phosphate, absorption and excretion of phosphate; hypophosphatemia, hyperphosphatemia). Metabolic diseases of abnormal calcium/phosphorus metabolism (hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcitonism and hypocalcitoninism, rickets and osteomalacia; biochemical marekers of bone metabolism). Magnesium metabolism (distribution, absorption and excretion of magnesium), serum magnesium and its regulation. Disturbances of magnesium metabolism (hypomagnesemia in calves, hypomagnesemia in the adult cattle, miscellaneous conditions). 8. Hepatic function. Functional anatomy. Clinical manifestations of hepatic insufficiency (bile pigment, metabolism and excretion, icterus, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatic photosensitivity, ascites). Laboratory assessment of hepatic function (hepatic enzymes, serum bilirubin, serum bile acids, serum proteins, dye excretion). Pancreatic function. Physilogy of the pancreas (pancreatic fluid and electrolytes, pancreatic enzymes, regulation of pancreatic secretion). Pancreatic disease (acute pancreatitis, pancreatic insufficiency – etiology, pathopysiology, laboratory diagnostic aids). 9. Gastrointestinal function. Salivary secretion (mechanism, composition and functions of saliva). Gastric secretion (composition of gastric secretion and its control). Bile (composition, properties; synthesis of bile acids, enterohepatic circulation of bile acids). Digestion and absorption (absorption of water, electrolytes, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and vitamins A and D). Disturbances of gastrointestinal function (vomition, gastric dilatation – volvulus, ischemia – reperfusion injury, acute diarrheas, intestinal malabsorption). Disturbances of rumen function (acute rumen indigestion, acute rumen tympany, urea poisoning). 10. Skeletal muscle function. Specialization of the sarcolemma and sarcoplasm for muscular contraction (neuromuscular transmission: excitation – conduction, coupling excitation to contraction, musclar contraction). Quantitative biochemistry, histology and histochemistry. Exercise, adaptations to training, and performance. Diagnostic laboratory methods for the evaluation of neuromuscular disorders. Selected neuromuscular disorders of domestic animals (ion channelopathies: myasthenia gravis, periodic paralysis, myotonia, malignant hyperthermia; muscular dystrophy; disorders of glyco(geno)lysis affecting skeletal muscle). 11. Kidney function. Normal renal functions. Alteration in renal function due to extrarenal factors (diet and protein catabolism, renal perfusion, renal outflow impairment). Primary renal dysfunction (acute renal failure, chronic renal failure and their consequences: uremia and its clinical sign, derangements in water homeostasis, hematological abnormalities, plasma electrolyte concentrations, acid - base alterations, metabolic alterations associated with uremia). Urinalysis. Test of renal function (tests for azotemia, urine concentration tests, clearance methods). 12. Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. Physiology of fluid and electrolyte balance. Body fluid compartments (total body water, extracellular fluid volume, intracellular fluid volume). Regulation of body fluids and electrolytes (effective circulating volume, antidiuretic hormone, rennin-angiotensin, aldosteron, atrial natriuretic factor – ANF). Physiology of acid-base balance (pH, buffers, acidosis, alkalosis, mixed acid-base imbalance, anion gap, bicarbonate and total CO2). Nontraditional approach to acid-base balance. Evaluation of imbalances (water, sodium, potassium, chloride). Clinical features of fluid and electrolyte balance. Clinicopathological indicators of fluid and electrolyte imbalance (packed cell volume and total plasma protein, serum sodium, potassium and chloride, osmolality). 13. Avian clinical biochemistry. Collection of blood samples. Starvation and postprandial effects = circadioan and circannual rhythms. Plasma proteins. Renal function (end products of protein metabolism: hyperuricemia and gout, acute vs chronic renal failure, prerenal azotemia). Hepatobiliary disease (clinical enzymology, clearance of enzymes from plasma, indicators of liver and muscle damage, bile pigments and bile acids as indicators of hepatobiliary disease, hepatoencephalopathy). Muscle disease (enzyme profile in muscle disease, myopathies). Metabolic bone disease (relationship between total calcium and protein in avian plasma, hypocalcemia syndrome, alkaline phosphatase in bone disease). Iron storage disease. Diabetes mellitus and plasma glucose. Exocrine pancreatic disease. Toxicology (lead, zinc, organophosphate and carbamate). |
