LECTURES: 1. Introduction to Veterinary Physiology Definition and history of physiology. Levels of organization. Homeostasis and homeorrhesis. Conditions for successful passing of the subject. 2. Physiology of the Cell Cell growth and differentiation, apoptosis. Functions of cellular organelles. Cell membrane, junctions, receptors, and transports. Membrane potential. Body fluids and compartments. 3. Physiology of the Blood Composition and functions of the blood. Haemopoiesis. Haemostasis. Regulatory mechanisms. 4. Basics of the Immune System Innate defences and specific immunity. Regulatory mechanisms. Lymphatic system as a part of immunity. 5. Introduction to the Nervous System Organization of the nervous system. Neuron, supportive cells. Action potential. General neurophysiology. Synaptic transmission. 6. Physiology of the Heart The heart pump. Basic properties of myocardium, heart automacy. Heart cycle. Regulation of the heart activity. 7. The Circulatory System Dynamics and types of blood circulation, blood pressure, blood flow and puls. Regulatory mechanisms. Lymphatic system. 8. The Respiratory System Mechanism of breathing. Gas exchange in the lungs and gas transport between lungs and tissues. Regulation of breathing. Defence mechanism of the respiratory system. 9. The Urinary System Physiology of kidneys. Glomerular filtration, physiology of tubular system. Regulation of volume, osmolarity and pH. Regulation of thirst and urination. 10. Digestion in Monogastric Animals Regulation of feed intake. Digestive processes in the oral cavity, stomach, small and large intestine. Regulatory mechanisms of the gut motility. Vomiting. Defecation reflex. 11. Digestion in Ruminants Rumination cycle. Motor activity of the forestomachs. Chemical and microbial processes in the forestomach. Digestion and absorption in the abomasum and intestines. 12. The Pancreas and Liver Exocrine function of pancreas. Functions of the liver. Hepatic-biliary secretion. Entero-hepatic circulation of the bile acids. Functions of the gallbladder. Regulatory mechanisms. 13. Intermediary Metabolism Metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins. Energy metabolism. Absorptive and post absorptive state. Regulatory mechanisms. PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES 1. Introduction Introductory notes. Management of lectures and practical activities. Study literature. Seminar thesis. Conditions for credit acquisition. Working safety. Restraint and handling of animals. 2. Physiology of the Blood Blood collection and handling. Blood serum and plasma. Preparation of blood smears. Detection of occult blood in body secretions. 3. Physiology of Erythrocytes Haematocrit. Red blood count. Haemoglobin content in the blood. Basic indexes of erythrocytes. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Erythrocyte osmotic resistance and haemolysis. 4. Physiology of Leucocytes Staining of blood smear. Leucocyte count in mammals. Eosinophil count and Thorn's test. Leucogram of mammals. Index of nuclei shift. Demonstration of phagocytic activity of neutrophils. 5. Haemostasis and Blood Groups Platelet blood count in mammals. Estimation of bleeding and blood clotting time. Estimation of partial thromboplastin time. Microscopy of fibrin fibre. Estimation of blood groups. 6. Regulation of Heart Activities Conduction system of the heart, Stanius's ligatures. Influence of ions, temperature, adrenalin and n. vagus irritation on the heart activity. Extrasystole. 7. Electrophysiology of the Heart Electrocardiography (ECG) in animals and human. Demonstration of ECG on a dog. Evaluation of electrocardiograms. 8. External Signs of Heart Activity Auscultation of the heart – heart sounds. Determination of blood pressure and arterial pulse. Plethysmography. 9. The Respiratory System Observation of breathing in animals. Auscultation of the lungs. Pneumography. 10. Respiration and Metabolism Pulmonary volumes and capacities, spirometry. Basal and productive energy metabolic functions in animal and human body. Calorimetry. Basal and standard metabolic rate. 11. The Urinary System Urine sampling. Organoleptic, physical and chemical estimation of the urine. Microscopic examination of the urine sediment. Glomerular filtration rate. Clearance of the urinary tract. 12. Physiology of Birds I Functional specialities of digestive system of birds. Digestion of amylase in poultry. Blood sampling in poultry. Blood cell counts in poultry. 13. The Digestive System Examination of the saliva and salivation. |