Active participation in practicals. The student has to pass credit test. The student can miss 3 practices from subject in semester, of that 1 can be missed without compensation, 2 he/she has to compensate. Students have to gain min 51% from final exam.

By studying of the subject student of the study program of veterinary nurse gains knowledge about the toxic effects of poisons and their metabolites in the body of domestic, farm and wild animals. The aim of the practices is chemical-toxicological analysis of poisons in biological materials by various qualitative and quantitative methods of assessment, that are important for diagnostic, preventive, basic therapeutic and forensic purposes.

- basic terms in toxicology - characteristics of poisonous substances - LD50 and LC50, accumulation and persistence, - definition of acute and chronic toxicity - hidden - non-manifest effects of poisons (carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, embryotoxicity, allergies and immunopathological changes) - endogenous and exogenous factors influencing the toxicity of poisons - species sensitivity - toxicology of the development of organisms - toxicity of individual chemical compounds and drugs - residues of medicinal and non-medicinal chemical substances and their toxicological effects on the organism - Poisoning by inorganic substances. Poisoning by organic substances. Pesticides. Methemoglobinizing substances. Poisonous plants. Poisons of animal origin. Mycotoxicosis. National and European legislation in toxicology

Lectures:

1. Subject of veterinary toxicology, border fields, definitions of poisoning - toxicosis, definition of poison, classification of poisons according to toxicity, use, persistence and accumulation.

2. Factors influencing toxicity of poison, expressing the toxicity of substances, biotransformation of poisons, distribution, accumulation in the body, ways of excretion of poisons from the body

3. Etiology of animal and bee poisoning, mechanism of action of poisons, clinical manifestations of intoxication and morphological changes. Diagnosis of poisons and residues, Prevention of poisons and legal regulations, Principles of first aid and poison therapy, antidote.

4. Toxicology of gaseous chlorine and its inorganic compounds - chlorides and chlorates Toxicology of nitrates and nitrites. Toxicology of simple nitrogen compounds (urea or ammonia).

5. Other toxicologically important inorganic compounds (mercury, arsenic, antimony, copper, zinc, cadmium, chromium, tin, barium and selenium). Toxicology of fluorine and its compounds. Toxicology of some sulfur compounds. Toxicology of HCN and cyanides. Sources of cyanide compounds. Damage by acids and alkalis.

6. Pesticides, their classification according to effect, according to chemical composition, from an analytical and hygienic point of view, ADI of pesticides for humans, organic poisons

7. Natural, nitrated, chlorinated insecticides, their effect on the organism, residue. Organophosphorus insecticides and carbamic acid derivatives, their effect on the organism, residues in individual parts of the ecosystem.

8. Pyrethroids - insecticides of the new generation, their effects on the organism, ecology, residue

9. Fungicides - inorganic (Cu, Hg, Sn, S compounds), organic (carbamates, thio- and dithiocarbamates, chlorinated and nitrated aromatic compounds, AITK), their effects on the organism

10. Rodenticides - inorganic and organic, their distribution, properties, specific effects on the organism, residue, prevention

11. Herbicides - general distribution, derivatives of phenoxy fatty acids, triazine herbicides. Dipyridyl herbicides, urea derivatives as herbicides. Urea and thiourea herbicides, their effect on the organism

12. Mycotoxicosis. Mycotoxins - classification by effect, risk of their residues, prevention and control. Poisoning of animals by poisonous plants (alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides), poisons of animal origin

13. Etiology of poisoning of aquatic animals (sources of pollution and poisoning, toxic noxes, synergistic factors, surfactants, etc.) Zootoxicoses

Practical lessons:spectrophotometric method. Colorimetric method with test strips used for screening determination of phenols, formaldehyde and cyanide. Video – metaldehyde intoxication in dog.

8. Classification of rodenticides. Anticoagulant rodenticides. Semiquantitative determination of warfarin, bromadiolone and brodifacoum in biological material by thin layer chromatography. Video – intoxication of rodents by warfarin and superwarfarins. Strychnin intoxication in dog.

9. Classification of insecticides. Intoxication with organophosphates and carbamates (description of the mechanism of action, clinical symptoms, therapy, necropsy). Screening determination of the acethylcholinesterase inhibition in blood by spectrophotometric analysis. Video – organophosphate, organochlorine and pyrethroid intoxication in various kinds of animals.

10. Classification of herbicides. Qualitative determination of DNOC by extraction in the separating funel. Semiquantitative determination of MCPA in the samples by thin layer chromatography. Video – MCPA intoxication in pheasants, chloridazone intoxication in sheep.

11. Semiquantitative determination of drugs important in veterinary medicine – paracetamolum, monensin, salinomycin and others by thin layer chromatography.

12. Semiquantitative determination of mycotoxins and alkaloids in biological material. Screening method for detection of Aspergillus flavus and parasiticus in grain and chromatographic determination of aflatoxins. Determination of selected alkaloids in the biological material. Video – strychnine intoxication in dog.

13. Credit test

Merck Veterinary Manual; Gupta, R. C.: Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles, Academic Press, 2007. Plumlee, K.H.: Clinical veterinary toxicology. Mosby, 2004, 491 p., ISBN 0-323-01125-X. Peterson, M.E., Talcott, P.A.: Small Animal Toxicology (Third Edition), 2013, 865 p., ISBN: 978-1-4557-0717-1. Beasley, V.R.: Veterinary toxicology, 2008, http://www.ivis.org/advances/Beasley/toc.asp Kovalkovičová, N.: Lectures in veterinary toxicology, 2015. Kovalkovičová et al.: Guideline of practices in veterinary toxicology, 2014.

Continuous assessment:

Student must gain 51% from credit test.

Conditions for completion of course:

Active participation in practicals. The student has to pass credit test. The student can miss 3 practices from subject in semester, of that 1 can be missed without compensation, 2 he/she has to compensate. Students have to gain min 51% from final exam.

Final assessment:

The final assessment includes the results of the credit test, activity in practical exercises and the results of the final exam (min. 51%)