1) Fulfilment of conditions for credit according to actual Organisation and study schedule guidelines of the UVMP in Košice, the subject is taught at the Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Feeds: a) Participation at the lectures (75%), b) Active participation at the practical exercises - students may miss at maximum three exercises per semester, one may be omitted without compensation, the others must be substituted according to an agreement with the teacher, c) The activity at the exercises (knowledge about taught issues and proactive approach to practical exercises) is required, d) All typed protocols (original texts) of practical exercises at which the student attended during the semester will be passed, the handing of one protocol within 14 days period after completion of practical exercise in the required quality is evaluated (score maximum 10% / minimum 5%), e) Successfully completed two credit tests in the 6th and 11th week of semester (score of the each of them maximum 15% / minimum 8%); f) Successfull passing of the practical exam in 13th week of semester.

2) Final exam consist of written (score maximum 20% / minimum 10%) and oral part (score maximum 40% / minimum 20%). The results achieved by the student during the semester are projected into the final exam (score maximum 40% / minimum 20%).

Students are able to understand correct ways and measures of feedstuffs production and processing, their nutritional values and their use in practical feeding as well as they are able to understand the links in the system of circulation of biogenic elements in the food chain from the points of view of the environmental aspects, landscape ecology and feed safety of animals and plant origin after graduating of the subject Feed Plant Biology and Toxic Plants. The achieved information will serve as a source of knowledge in feed science serving as a background for animal nutrition and feeding.

Characteristics of the subject: Feed Plant Biology and Toxic Plants as a synthetic subject includes regulation and organization of processes of high-quality plant agricultural production. It provides correct orientation in the topic of fodder crops and feed industry with regard to high quality of feedstuffs. This subject is the essential part of a curriculum for obtaining basic knowledge in botany, feed production and processing.

SYLLABUS of the subject: Feed Plant Biology and Toxic Plants

LECTURES (2 h):

1st - SOIL

The content of a subject Feed Plant Biology and Toxic Plants, the general objectives of the subject, its importance for the agricultural production, the basic terms in agriculture

Soil as the basis for the agricultural production, soil formation, texture, composition, fertility and

the ways of soil fertilization, organic matter, sorption complex, its importance for the duality and

soil fertility, cation exchange, soil organisms, agricultural microbiology, the most important strains of soil microorganisms, symbiosis, antagonism, epiphytic microflora. The mineral elements essential for the plant growth, soil acidity and salinity;

2nd - PLANT CELL

The plant biomass as a source for animal nutrition

The differences between parts and organs of the plant body, morphological, functional and composition

differences between plant and animal cells, plant nutrients in the phytomass, factors influencing the digestibility and quality of plant biomass as a feed;

3rd - BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE PLANT BODY

The nutrient composition of a plant body

Characteristics of organic and inorganic nutrients, their distribution and importance, the basic

biochemical reactions in the cell and in the plant body (photosynthesis, aerobic and anaerobic

respiration, fermentation), the factors affecting the content and the use of nutrients in plants and

their subsequent utilization in the nutrition of animals and human beings;

4th - CEREALS

Cereals and their nutritional value, the basic agrotechnical requirements for the production, factors influencing the qualitative and quantitative characteristics, processing and utilization of their biological product;

5th - ROOT AND TUBER CROPS

Biological properties and general characteristics, basic agrotechnical requirements for the cultivation of particular root crops, nutritional and dietary value, factors affecting the qualitative and quantitative characteristics, the storage conditions influencing the quality;

6th - LEGUMINOUS PLANTS

Biological properties and nutrient requirements, basic agrotechnical requirements for cultivation of particular legumes, nutritional and dietary value, factors influencing the qualitative and quantitative characteristics, processing and utilization of biological product in animal feeding;

7th - OILSEED PLANTS

Biological properties and their characteristics, basic agrotechnical requirements for the cultivation of particular oilseeds and one-year mixtures, the nutritional and dietary value, processing and utilization of biological product in animal feeding;

8th - CLOVERS

Biological properties and characteristics of clover crops, agrotechnical requirements, environmental conditions, nutritional and dietary value, methods of preservation;

9th - GRASSES

Biological properties and characteristics of grasses, agrotechnical requirements, environmental conditions, nutritional and dietary value, methods of preservation;

10th - PERENNIAL GRASS STANDS AND THEIR PASTURE UTILIZATION

The botanical description, characteristic, agricultural, environmental, landscaping and water

management importance, economic use by mowing. The importance and impact of grazing on

animals and vegetation, organization and way of grazing, pasture management;

11th - POISONOUS PLANTS AND PLANT TOXINS

Characteristics, occurrence, significant species of poisonous plants in the plant biology, effective substances, mechanism of their action and impact on livestock health and quality of their products;

12th - PRESERVATION OF FORAGES - DRYING (HAY PRODUCTION)

Technology and its impact on qualitative and quantitative indicators of nutrients of preserved feed, nutritional and dietary value, drying losses and the potential for reduction of losses;

13th - PRESERVATION OF FORAGES - ENSILING (SILAGE PRODUCTION)

Main conditions for the production of high quality preserved forages, technological processes and their influence on the qualitative and quantitative indicators of nutrients of preserved feed, nutritional and dietary value, kinds of preservatives, the suitability of their use and their effect on fermentation processes and the quality of preserved forages, ensiling losses and possibilities for reduction of losses;

14th - NEW WAYS OF FORAGE PRESERVATION

Technological processes (LKS, CCM, ALCALAGE), the nutritional value of the products, advantages and disadvantages;

PRACTICAL LESSONS (2h):

1st - SOIL ANALYSES

- introduction to the soil,

- determination of carbonates and pH in soil;

2nd - SOIL ANALYSES

- determination of nitrogen and minerals in soil;

3rd - MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATION OF PLANT CELL STRUCTURES

- introduction to cell organelles,

- chloroplasts in the cells of the moss leaf division Bryophyta,

- chromoplasts in the root of carrot Daucus carota (L.),

- chromoplasts in fruits of hip Rosa canina (L.) or flash of tomato Lycopersicum esculentum (Mill.),

- vacuoles in the cells of birdseed Ligustrum vulgare (L.);

4th - MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATION OF PLANT TRICHOMES

- introduction to plant trichomes,

- microscopic observation of cover trichomes on geranium stems Pelargonium graveolans (L´Hér.),

- microscopic observation of glandular trichomes on a leaf of geranium Pelargonium graveolans (L´Hér.),

- microscopic observation of nettle trichomes on a leaf of stinging nettle Urtica dioica (L.);

5th - MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATION OF CRYSTALS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE IN THE LEAF OF Ficus elastica (L.)

- introduction to crystals of calcium carbonate,

- microscopic observation of crystals of calcium carbonate in the leaf of Ficus elastica (L.);

6th - MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATION OF STARCH GRAINS

- introduction to starch grains,

- microscopic observation of starch grains from the potato tubers Solanum tuberosum (L.),

- microscopic observation of starch grains from the wheat grain Triticum sativum (L.),

- microscopic observation of starch grains from the kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris (L.),

- microscopic observation of starch grains from the oat Avena sativa (L.) or rice Oryza sativa (L.),

- microscopic observation of starch grains from the maize grain Zea mays (L.);

7th - MACROSCOPIC DIFFERENTIATION AND MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATION OF CEREAL GRAINS

- introduction to cereals,

- macroscopic differentiation of cereal grains,

- microscopic observation of brush trichomes on the surface of wheat Triticum sativum (L.) and barley Hordeum vulgare (L.) grains,

- microscopic observation of the cross-section of a wheat Triticum sativum (L.) and barley Hordeum vulgare (L.) grains;

8th - MACROSCOPIC DIFFERENTIATION AND MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATION OF LEGUME SEEDS

- introduction to legumes,

- macroscopic differentiation of legume seeds,

- microscopic observation of the hull from peas Pisum sativum (L.),

- microscopic observation of the hull from bean Vicia faba (L.),

- microscopic observation of the hull from bean Soybean Glycine max (L.),

- microscopic observation of the hull from lupine Lupinus albus (L.), L. luteus (L.);

9th - MACROSCOPIC DIFFERENTIATION AND MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATION OF SEEDS FROM OILSEED CROPS

- introduction to oilseed plants,

- macroscopic differentiation of seeds from oilseed crops,

- microscopic observation of the flax-seed Linum usitatissimum (L.),

- microscopic observation of the mustard seed Sinapis alba (L.) or S. nigra (Koch.),

- microscopic observation of the sunflower seed Helianthus annuus (L.),

- microscopic observation of the rapeseed Brasica napus (L.) subsp. napus;

10th - HISTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN PLANT CELLS

- introduction to histochemical reactions,

- evidence of calcium (Ca),

- evidence of oxalic acid (COOH)2

11th - DEMONSTRATION OF ALKALOIDS IN POISONOUS PLANTS

- introduction to poisonous plants,

- demonstration of chelidonine and related alkaloids in the root of Greater celandine Chelidonium maius,

- demonstration of morphine in the capsule of opium poppy Papaver somniferum,

12th - EVALUATION OF SILAGES

- introduction to ensiling,

- the sampling of a silage,

- sensory and laboratory evaluation of a silage,

- factors influencing fermentation and sensory evaluation;

12th - EVALUATION OF SILAGES

- introduction to ensiling,

- the sampling of a silage,

- sensory and laboratory evaluation of a silage,

- factors influencing fermentation and sensory evaluation;

13th - HAY INSPECTION

- introduction to hay production,

- the sampling of a hay,

- visual inspection used by farmers,

- factors influencing the hay quality;

14th - ORGANIZATION OF GRAZING AND THE EVALUATION OF YIELDS OF PASTURES

- the organization of a pasture unit,

- the survey methods of pasture yields;

1) MARCIN, A., NAĎ, P., BUJŇÁK, L.: Feed Plant Biology and Toxic Plants (General Veterinary Medicine). The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Animal Husbandry, 2017, 273 pp., ISBN 978-80-8077-519-3

2) MARCIN, A., NAĎ, P.: Feed Plant Biology and Toxic Plants practical exercises. The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Animal Husbandry, 2017, 82 pp., ISBN 978-80-8077-567-4

3) Lectures for the subject Feed Plant Biology and Toxic Plants;

4) HORROCKS, R.D., VALENTINE, J.F.: Harvested Forages. Academic Press, 1999. ISBN 10: 0-12-356255-4, ISBN 13: 978-0-12-356255-5;

5) Demeterová, M.: Plant Husbandry (Thesis of lectures and lessons). The University of

Veterinary Medicine in Košice, Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, 2000;

Continuous assessment:

The continuous evaluation of knowledge is performed orally during practicals and in written form with the credit test 1 in 6th week and with the credit test 2 in 11th week as well as in 13th week with the practical credit test.

Conditions for completion of course:

1) Fulfilment of conditions for credit according to actual Organisation and study schedule guidelines of the UVMP in Košice, the subject is taught at the Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Feeds: a) Participation at the lectures (75%), b) Active participation at the practical exercises - students may miss at maximum three exercises per semester, one may be omitted without compensation, the others must be substituted according to an agreement with the teacher, c) The activity at the exercises (knowledge about taught issues and proactive approach to practical exercises) is required, d) All typed protocols (original texts) of practical exercises at which the student attended during the semester will be passed, the handing of one protocol within 14 days period after completion of practical exercise in the required quality is evaluated (score maximum 10% / minimum 5%), e) Successfully completed two credit tests in the 6th and 11th week of semester (score of the each of them maximum 15% / minimum 8%); f) Successfull passing of the practical exam in 13th week of semester.

2) Final exam consist of written (score maximum 20% / minimum 10%) and oral part (score maximum 40% / minimum 20%). The results achieved by the student during the semester are projected into the final exam (score maximum 40% / minimum 20%).

Final assessment:

The examination from the subject is a combination of written test and oral examination performed according to the actual Organisation and study schedule guidelines of the UVMP in Košice. Questions for the final exam are taken from the following topics of study: 1) Soil; 2) Plant cell; 3) Biochemical reactions in the plant body; 4) Cereals; 5) Root and tuber crops; 6) Leguminous plants; 7) Oilseed plants; 8) Clovers; 9) Grasses; 10) Perennial grass stands and their pasture utilization; 11) Poisonous plants and the plant toxins; 12) Preservation of forages and hay production; 13) Preservation of forages by ensiling (silage production); 14) New ways of forage preservation such as Lieschkolbensilage (LKS), corn cob mix (CCM); wet corn silage, alkalage etc.